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Frank Williams Racing Cars
From the U.K. in Cippenham (1968 to 1971) and Reading (1972 to 1975)

Frank Williams Racing Cars was a British racing team that competed between 1968 and 1975 with different names in Formula 2 and Formula 1 . The predecessor of the team engaged in Formula 1 since 1977 Williams F1 . Frank Williams Racing Cars was closely associated with Piers Courage in the early years ; later, numerous lesser-known drivers competed for the British team.
History
From 1972 to 1975, Frank Williams Racing Cars constructed five different racing cars, of which a total of seven copies were made. The Williams FW05 does not belong in this series. On the one hand, it is not a self-construction of Williams, but merely a renamed Hesketh 308C ; On the other hand, regardless of its model name, the car was not used by Frank Williams Racing Cars, but by Walter Wolf Racing.
Frank Williams Racing Cars was founded in 1965 by Frank Williams . Frank Williams Racing Cars was based in Cippenham near Slough from 1968 to 1971, at the beginning of the 1972 season, the team moved to a 450-square-meter garage on Bennet Road in Reading , from which later Walter Wolf Racing also operated.
Williams had participated in numerous races until 1966 as an active racer, especially in Formula 3 . In parallel, he built in 1965 in London on a trade in racing car accessories. Two years later he began to sell complete racing cars. When a customer canceled the purchase of two Formula 2 vehicles at the end of 1967, Williams decided to use the cars with Piers Courage under his own name in the 1968 Formula 2 season. As early as 1969, the team rose to the Formula 1 World Championship. In the following years, the team entered into two alliances with Italian carmakers. In the first case de Tomaso deliveredThe racing car in 1970, while Williams organized the race; in the case of Iso (1973 and 1974), however, Williams also produced the cars themselves. During these years, the team was significantly underfunded and heavily in debt. Therefore, it often had to compete with used equipment and paying drivers .
End of 1975, Frank Williams sold his team to the Canadian-Austrian industrialist Walter Wolf , who brought him from the Formula 1 1977 season under the name Walter Wolf Racing at the start. Frank Williams was initially employed by Wolf, but left the team in the late summer of 1976 and founded at the end of the year a new racing team, from 1977 initially under the nameWilliams Grand Prix Engineering , later as Williams F1 , again in Formula 1. Wolf Racing, however, gave up the end of 1979. The material was taken over by the competing racing team Fittipaldi Automotive , which was represented until the end of 1982 continue in Formula 1.
Frank Williams Racing Cars competed in its first Formula 2 season with two Brabham BT23C dark blue painted vehicles equipped with a Cosworth DFA engine. The regular driver was Piers Courage , who had been close friends with Frank Williams for several years. Courage drove some promising results for Williams. However, he could not participate in all Formula 2 races for Williams, since he 1968 had a regular place at Reg Parnell Racing in Formula 1. At term collisions, Jonathan Williams jumped for courage. Jonathan Williams scored the first victory for Frank Williams Racing Cars in Formula 2 at the Lotteria Monza.
Parallel to the beginning of Formula 1 involvement Frank Williams Racing Cars came in 1969 again in Formula 2. Emergency vehicles were mostly still the Brabham BT23C, later a Brabham BT30 was added. Piers Courage, which was an integral part of Williams' Formula 1 program, rarely raced in Formula 2. Most of the races were played by Malcolm Guthrie , with the addition of other riders like Jacky Ickx , Derek Bell , Alistair Walker and Graham McRae or Franco Barnabei, The team could not win a victory this year. The best result was at the VI. Grote Prijs van Limborg reaches Zolder: Here Williams' riders took the placings two to four. Another second place reached Richard Attwood at the 31st Grand Prix of Germany on the Nordschleife of the Nürburgring .
After a one-year break, Frank Williams returned to Formula 2 with the financial backing of French lubricant manufacturer Motul . His team used several March 712M with Cosworth DFA engine. The regulars were Henri Pescarolo , who was at the same time for Williams in Formula 1 at the start, and Carlos Pace . Partly drove Derek Bell - he played the two inaugural race series in Bogotá - Andrea de Adamich and Max Jeanwho only competed in two French races. The season was unremarkable. The drivers achieved barely countable results. Exceptions were the race in Mallory Park, which won Pescarolo, and the Gran Premio Città di Imola, Carlos Pace for Frank Williams Racing Cars could win.
After this season, Frank Williams ended his involvement in Formula 2, to focus exclusively on the Grand Prix sport can.
Frank Williams Formula One
1960s
The rise in the Formula 1 was for Frank Williams a logical consequence of the successful involvement in Formula 2. In a roundabout way, he managed a current Brabham BT26A obtain. It was built around spring 1968 BT26 / 1, which was used this year by Jack Brabham with a Repco engine and converted in the winter months of 1968/69 on a more powerful Cosworth engine . A structurally identical car put the BrabhamTeam in the Formula 1 World Championship. Brabham did not deliver any of the latest generation race cars to customer teams at this time, keeping competitive pressure low for the factory team. The BT26A / 1 had been sold in late 1968 to a British collector who had no Formula 1 ambitions. Frank Williams bought the car from him a few weeks later without any knowledge of the factory team. Jack Brabham commented on this additional competition with annoyance.
Williams went in 1969 in Formula 1 with Piers Courage at the start. Courage had already completed a full Grand Prix season: In 1968 he had retracted with the private Reg Parnell team four world championship points and finished this year in 20th place in the drivers' standings.
For cost reasons, Williams left the first World Cup round of the year in South Africa and debuted only at the second round in Spain . Courage qualified for the eleventh place in the race in Montjuïc , to which only nine teams with a total of 14 riders registered. In the race, he fell out due to engine damage. In the following events repeated technical defects: In the Netherlands , the BT26 suffered a clutch damage, broke in France , the chassis, and in Canada there was a premature failure due to a fuel leak. Only at the Grand Prix of Germany a driving error Courages led to premature failure. During the year, Courage came five times, twice in the podium: at the Monaco Grand Prix , the team's second World Championship race, he only had to give Graham Hill the factory Lotus lead. More important was the second place in the US Grand Prix in Watkins Glen : Here he pushed Jack Brabham in the identical BT26 of the factory team in third place. Along with the results of other placings Courage finished the Formula 1 season with 16 championship points in eighth, ahead of Jack Brabham.
1970s
Given Williams' driver Courage Jack Brabham hit the same footing in 1969, Frank Williams could not expect Brabham to provide him with a competitive chassis in 1970 as well. Lotus and McLaren also did not provide any current chassis to customer teams, so the future of the Williams team did not seem secure at first. In the fall of 1969, however, there was the possibility of a connection with the Italian sports car manufacturer De Tomaso . The trigger for this was a Formula 2 race in which Piers Courage launched a constructed Formula 2 car from De Tomaso. Courage scored the pole position at the 1969 Gran Premio di Roma and impressed Alejandro de Tomasothrough his dedication in the race. De Tomaso planned to expand his motorsport commitment to Formula 1, but did not want to run his own team, but only provide self-constructed racing cars for existing teams. Frank Williams then entered into an initially one-year partnership with De Tomaso: De Tomaso delivered the race cars, while Williams brought them under his own name in the Formula 1 1970 season at the start.
The emergency vehicle was the De Tomaso 505 , designed by Giampaolo Dallara , a vehicle described as a "simple construction car" equipped with numerous British components and a Cosworth DFV engine. An integral part of the agreement was the use of Piers Courage, which de Tomaso greatly appreciated. Courage stayed accordingly at Williams and proposed for this commitment a contract offer of Scuderia Ferrari .
The Formula 1 season in 1970 was unsuccessful for the British-Italian team. De Tomaso's cars, of which three were made (505/1, 505/2 and 505/3), proved to be overweight, unreliable and problematic in handling. The best result was third place in the Courage's not part of the World Championship BRDC International Trophy at Silverstone . In the subsequent World Cup runs Courage did not succeed in repeating this result. He did not finish in any of the first four Grand Prizes. In Spain , Courage got off the track and destroyed his car. He himself was unhurt. At the fifth race of the season in the Netherlandscrashed courage deadly. The magnesium body of the car caught fire. Most representations assume that courage burned in the car. According to other sources, the previous impact was already deadly.
Frank Williams, who had lost a close friend with Courage, skipped the following French Grand Prix to announce Brian Redman for the next two races . Redman missed the qualification on both attempts. For the Grand Prix of Austria he was Tim Give replaced. Giftgiving regularly qualified for the last series of races until the US Grand Prix ; However, he never came to the finish. Participation in the last race of the year, the Grand Prix of Mexico , Williams and de Tomaso renounced by mutual agreement. At the end of the year, their alliance was dissolved. Alessandro de Tomaso finally gave up his Formula 1 ambitions.
In the third Formula 1 season Frank Williams Racing Cars used a March as a customer vehicle. In the first race of the season in South Africa , it was still a March 701 (chassis number 701/6); at the beginning of the European races a March 711 was used.
The regular driver was the Frenchman Henri Pescarolo . He brought with him sponsorship money from Motul , which not only maintained the operation of the Formula 1 team, but also enabled the deployment of a two-car team in Formula 2. The results in Formula 1 were poor. Although Pescarolo won the Oulton Park Gold Cup , a non-World Cup race. In the World Championship races, however, he only achieved a fourth place in the Grand Prix of Great Britain and a sixth place in the Grand Prix of Austria .
At some races Williams put in a second car. This concerned the March 701. The drivers changed several times. They included Max Jean, Ray Allan , Derek Bell , Cyd Williams and Tony Trimmer . Usually these were races that did not have world championship status. One exception was the French Grand Prix , a World Championship race in which Jean Max competed alongside Pescarolo.
During the year, the team was financially and organizationally "on the verge of collapse," as Frank Williams later admitted. This was due to the excessive burden of simultaneous Formula One and Formula Two engagements.
In the Formula 1 season 1972 Williams was a racing car designer. The trigger was the 1971 founding of the Formula One Constructors Association (FOCA), an association of the designers of Formula 1 vehicles. The membership, which was tied to the production of their own racing cars and denied to customer teams, brought some organizational and financial benefits: this included in particular the assumption of travel expenses. Since the founding of FOCA, Frank Williams has pursued the goal of joining her with his team. For this, Williams had to become a constructor from the customer team. The costs associated with building a car of its own could only be borne with the financial support of a sponsor. In the fall of 1971 Williams found with the Italian model car manufacturer Politoys a lender who supported the construction of its own car with a one-time payment in the amount of £ 40,000. Politoys in turn became name sponsor of the vehicle. In the following months Len Bailey constructed on behalf of Williams the Politoys FX3 , which was due to hesitant payment of the designer until June 1972, and thus with considerable delay completed as a single piece. The compact, uncomplicated car was used this year, however, only in a World Cup run: At the premiere of the FX3 Henri Pescarolo damaged him in an accident significantly. Because of financally reasons. retreated and the production of a second copy dragged on until the end of the year.
The Team Williams Motul called racing team actually contested the 1972 season, contrary to expectations, almost exclusively with customer vehicles from March. The regular driver was again Pescarolo. He received a designated as March 721 car. Unlike the name suggests, this March 721/3 did not correspond to the 721 models of the March factory team of the same name. Rather, it was a car that March had built from leftover parts of the 711 models and upgraded with individual components of the 721. Carlos Pace , who drove from the second race of the season for the Williams team, received the already used in the previous March 711/3.
During the season, Pace was twice in the points: he was sixth in the Spanish Grand Prix , and at the Grand Prix of Belgium in Nivelles , he finished fifth. The three World Cup points achieved were the only ones for Williams this year. Henri Pescarolo, the Williams had intended the role of the top driver, fell several times as a result of driving errors.
For the Grand Prix of Great Britain , the first Politoys FX3 was completed. While Carlos Pace entered the race with the old March 711 as 13th, Pescarolo qualified in the FX3 with a gap of 5.2 seconds to the pole time for the 26th and last grid position. In the race he covered seven laps. In the eighth round Pescarolo came off the track and collided with the side boundary. There are different representations of the causes of the accident. Some reports point to an alleged accident severity Pescarolos and assume that also in Brands Hatch a driving mistake of the French led to the failure. Other observers assume a technical defect ("Apparently something was broken"). As a result of the collision, the car was so badly damaged that it could not be used at first.
Pace finished third in the drivers' standings with three points at the end of the year, Pescarolo had scored no points.
For the Formula 1 1973 season Frank Williams entered into a connection with the sports car manufacturer Iso Rivolta from Bresso near Milan . Similar to de Tomaso three years earlier, Iso also wanted to use Grand Prix racing as a promotional, sales promotion platform for his luxury class vehicles. Iso acquired the right to provide the racing cars with their own name. A further technical commitment Isos did not exist. In particular, Iso did not participate in the design or construction of the race cars. Iso published for advertising purposes, numerous photos showing their own sports cars in addition to the Formula 1 vehicles. In addition, Iso put on a limited special series of Lele .
In the first three races of 1973, the team, which was reported as Frank Williams Racing Cars , put two Politoys FX3 models, which were given the designation Iso-Marlboro FX3B with regard to the new sponsors . For the European races of the Formula 1 1973 season, some changes in the technical rules came into force. They primarily concerned the crash safety of the cars and prescribed among other things a better protection of the driver and the fuel tanks in side collisions. While some designers were able to adapt their racing cars to the new rules, this was not possible at the Politoys designed in 1971 with relative effort, so that Frank Williams decided to develop new cars. Then the came Iso-Marlboro IR1 and the largely identical IR2 . Both vehicles debuted at the Spanish Grand Prix . Even when they appeared they were not considered competitive racing cars; In the opinion of observers, they merely served "to fill the starting field"
On the driver side Williams had initially set again on Carlos Pace; the Brazilian changed but at the beginning of the 1973 season to Team Surtees . Instead, Williams signed New Zealander Howden Ganley driving the IR2. Ganley qualified for every race; the best result was 10th place in the Grand Prix of Monaco . After three failures, each of which was technical, came home in Sweden for the first time. He finished eleventh, four laps behind. After that he achieved a finish in half of the races. As a rule, he had been outclassed by the leader two, three or four times at the finish. One exception was the Canadian Grand Prix, Here he came with only one lap behind in sixth place and secured his team after Gijs van Lennep sixth place in the Netherlands (on IR1) the second World Cup point. In training for the German Grand Prix Ganley crashed after at his Iso-Marlboro had failed the brakes. Since a repair of the badly damaged car was not possible until the race, the New Zealander had to do without the start. From Austria , he had a newly built chassis available, which retained the previous name.
The IR1 was initially given to Nanni Galli , who was favored by Iso Rivolta. Gallis commitment was linked to the commitment of its sponsors to financially support the Williams team. When the promised payments failed to go until May 1973, Williams replaced the Italian for the Grand Prix of Sweden by the Danish racing driver Tom Belsø , who in turn promised sponsorship payments. Belsø qualified for the last place on the grid. Since his sponsors did not pay by race Sunday, Williams did not let the Danes take part in the race. In France and Germany drove Henri Pescarolo the second Iso-Marlboro. In his home race at the Circuit Paul RicardHe was canceled due to a technical error, at the Nürburgring he finished tenth. In the United Kingdom Williams announced Graham McRae for the IR1. The New Zealand debutant qualified for the 28th and last place on the grid. At the start he stopped at the end of the field. After a serious accident at the end of the first round, in which nine vehicles were involved, the race was initially canceled. After 90 minutes of interruption, the race was resumed. McRae lined up with 18 other drivers to reboot. Even on the grid, his car suffered a clutch failure, so that the IR1 did not move from the spot. McRae then had to finish the race.
From the Grand Prix of the Netherlands Gijs van Lennep took over the IR1 three times. In his home race at the Circuit Zandvoort , in which Roger Williamson had a fatal accident, van Lennep came sixth in the finish. He scored the first World Cup point for Williams as a designer. In Austria and Italy , van Lennep was no longer in the points. In Canada, Tim Schenken drove the IR1. He was five laps 14th at the last race of the season in the US eventually drove with Jacky Ickxan established and experienced pilot for Williams. Ickx had been a regular driver for Ferrari in the first half of the season but had left the team in the summer because he was dissatisfied with the Scuderia's lack of competitiveness. In qualifying he was half a second slower than his teammate Ganley. He qualified for starting place. He finished the race in seventh place.
Williams finished the season 1973 with two points on rank 10 of the Constructors Championship.
In the Formula 1 1974 season, Frank Williams continued his relationship with Iso Rivolta, even if the Italian company had in the meantime run into financial difficulties and his payment obligations were limited. A gradual distancing was made clear by the fact that Williams changed the name of the Iso-Marlboro models with the elimination of the previous addition IR in FW 01, FW 02 and FW 03 (FW for Frank Williams).
As in the previous year, Williams went double-track in 1974: One of the vehicles was reported to a regular driver during the entire season, while the second vehicle was leased to alternate pilots. Initially, the IR2 was the vehicle of the main driver, while the IR1 was awarded to various Paydriver . After the introduction of the largely identical Iso-Marlboro FW03.In the spring of 1974, the IR2 / FW02 took over the role of the rental vehicle. The cars were due to financial difficulties of the team only insufficiently maintained and patchy repaired. As the season progressed, there was no need for necessary repairs and spare parts. In some races, broken plastic parts were joined together with adhesive tape; From the summer of 1974 Williams used multiple used tires of the Ferrari team. This had a detrimental effect on the competitiveness of the car.
The trunk cockpit was in 1974 to the former Ferrari driver Arturo Merzario . Merzario qualified for third place in the Grand Prix of South Africa . His qualifying time was only 0.2 seconds over the pole time of Ferrari driver Niki Lauda . This positioning was the best starting position of a Williams in a Formula 1 World Championship race. Merzario finished sixth in the race. In Spain debuted the FW03. Merzario reached with him the sixth starting position in Belgium , otherwise he started mostly from the seventh or eighth row. He came with the FW03 in nine attempts only once the finish: the Grand Prix of ItalyMerzario finished fourth in Monza. At all other Grands Prix he retired prematurely. Two races he finished prematurely after a driving mistake; where he damaged the car in Monaco so significantly that the FW03 failed for two months. The other losses were due to technical reasons. Three times there were defects in the engine or in the engine environment, including in the field of gasoline supply. The throttle linkage and power transmission were also isolated; the Grand Prix of the United States could not finish Merzario due to a defect of the fire extinguisher.
The second cockpit, available from the South African Grand Prix , was once again provided to a number of paying drivers: in South Africa , it was Tom Belsø. While Merzario qualified for third place on the grid in FW02, scoring the best result ever for a Williams-reported car, Belsø's time in FW01 was only 27th on the grid. Belsø did not make it past the first lap. After a few hundred meters, the clutch broke, so he had to give up prematurely. BELSŐ was in the second car also to the Grand Prix of Spain and the United Kingdom ; Here he missed each qualification. For theGrand Prix of the Netherlands was reported to the FW01 as last year for Gijs van Lennep, and for the subsequent race in France , the debut Jean-Pierre Jabouilles was foreseen in the FW01. Both drivers missed the qualification. From the Grand Prix of Germany , the French debutant Jacques Laffite took over the second Iso. He drove the car at each of the remaining races. He managed to qualify regularly, but he came at any race of the year to the finish. In the penultimate race in Canada, he dropped out prematurely due to a puncture, but was rated as 15th, since he had traveled a sufficient distance before his failure.
There were irritations at the Swedish Grand Prix . Instead of the diseased Merzario Williams reported the British Richard Robarts , the second car should go again Tom Belsø. Belsø qualified in qualifying for grid position 22, but damaged the car in an accident, so his car was not ready for the race. The inexperienced Robards, however, failed already at the prequalification. In order to at least start with a car in Anderstorp, Frank Williams gave Robarts' car for this race to Belsø.
Overall, Williams finished the season, which was associated with significant financial burden, with four championship points as tenth in the Constructors' Championship. This Williams could leave the team of John Surtees behind.
1975 and the end of Williams
In late 1974, Iso Rivolta was dissolved as a result of bankruptcy. The partnership with Williams came to an end. Also Marlboro retired largely from Frank Williams' team, which then had to contest the Formula 1 season in 1975 without the financial support of a major partner. The largest contributor to the team budget was contributed by Jacques Laffite, who was promoted to the regular driver and supported by a Swiss company called Ambrozium, who had to pay £ 1,000 to the team for each race. Additional funds came from Paydrivern to which Frank Williams, as in previous years, rent his second car.
The team initially started with the two-year-old FW02 and the one-year-old FW03, whose model name had changed from Iso-Marlboro to Williams at the start of the season. The FW01 was not used anymore. Taking advantage of its components built Williams in the spring of 1975, the first copy of the Williams FW04 , a further development of the Iso-Marlboro constructions, which was characterized primarily by a narrower, tailored to the thin Laffite cockpit. After his debut in Spain , where it was still driven by Merzario, Laffite took over the new car, while the FW03 was the rental car for the Paydriver. At the last race of the year, the second FW04 was completed; but the car was no longer used.
Laffite missed qualifying in his first FW04 campaign in Monaco , but then the race participation was assured. Laffite's best qualifying result was the twelfth starting position in the Austrian Grand Prix , the worst 21st place in the US Grand Prix . Laffite came in eight races only twice the finish. The transmission collapsed three times, once the engine failed, and in Austria Laffite gave up because of the car's inaccessibility. The best race result in the history of the team in a Formula 1 World Championship race reached Laffite at the German Grand Prix, which he finished in second place: Laffite went from the 15th starting position in the race. In the first nine laps of the race, an unusually large number of riders lost due to tire damage and subsequent suspension damage: Jochen Mass , John Watson , Vittorio Brambilla , Emerson Fittipaldi , Carlos Pace and Jean-Pierre Jarier , all of whom had started from Laffite, had to Race at the Nürburgring to end prematurely after tire defects, also fell James Hunt and Clay Regazzonidue to other defects. Laffite was spared technical problems during the race and came in second with almost a minute advantage over third-placed Lauda. He clinched six World Championship points for Williams, the only ones this year and the only ones scoring FW04.
The second Williams was leased in 1978 to eight different drivers. In Spain, Tony Brise drove the car that made his Formula 1 debut in Montjuïc . He qualified for grid position 18. Two laps to go he collided with Shadow factory driver Tom Pryce . Both drivers failed. But since Brise had covered 27 of 29 laps, he was ranked seventh. Breeze then moved to Team Embassy Hill . His successors at Williams were Damien Magee , Ian Scheckter , François Migault , Ian Ashley , Jo Vonlanthen and Renzo Zorziwho each bought into the team for a race. Scheckter, Magee and Zorzi came in their missions each outside the points to the finish. The best result of them scored Scheckter, who finished twelfth in the Netherlands . He had been overtaken five times, Zorzi was six laps behind in Italy. The rest of the drivers suffered from the technical unreliability of the FW03. Migault, who was registered for the French Grand Prix , qualified for grid position 24, but could not compete in the race. Before the start, the Williams mechanics failed to start the engine. The Swiss Jo Vonlanthen missed the Grand Prix of AustriaAlmost eight seconds back on pole time qualifying. But as the pre-placed Wilson Fittipaldi and Mark Donohue could not participate in the race due to accident, Vonlanthen moved into the rank of qualifiers. After 15 laps he improved from 25th to 20th. Then he failed prematurely due to a motor failure. Ian Ashley suffered an accident during training for the Grand Prix of Germany in the section Pflanzgarten , in which he broke several hand bones. He could not participate in the race. Vonlanthen also drove the FW03 at the Swiss Grand Prix, a non-World Cup Formula 1 race, which was held in the week after the race in Austria at the French Circuit de Dijon-Prenois . He qualified for the 15th and penultimate starting place; his gap to the pole time of Jean-Pierre Jarier (Shadow) was 2.5 seconds. The race went for Vonlanthen "full of problems", so he crossed the finish line with a gap of nine rounds and was not classified.
For the last race of the year in the United States appeared for the first time the second Williams FW04, which should replace the FW03, which Williams had rented in the course of the 1975 season to a total of seven Paydriver . In Watkins Glen , the second car was announced for the Italian racer Lella Lombardi , who received sponsorship from Lavazzapossessed. She should drive the new FW04 / 2. Due to a chain of unfortunate circumstances ultimately none of the Williams drivers took part in the US Grand Prix. Laffite qualified for position 21, Lombardi for 24th. During the warm-up on race Sunday, a valve spring on Lombardis Cosworth engine was broken. The Italian did not notice the defect and continued her practice lap. As a result, the valve fell into the cylinder and tore the engine block. Since Williams did not have a replacement engine for financial reasons, Lombardi was initially excluded from the race participation. On the morning of race Sunday, Laffite also fell out: his wife mistook his eye drops with a cleaning fluid and mistakenly gave the driver a few drops of the cleaning agent in the eyes. Laffite then had to be taken to a clinic and could not participate in the race. Even the attempt to bring Lombardi in the now vacant Auto Laffites at the start, failed: Lombardi did not fit into the tailored to the extremely slim Laffite FW04 / 1. In addition, there was no time for a change of engine.
In December 1975, Frank Williams sold his team to Walter Wolf. Wolf had previously taken over the remnants of the Hesketh team and now pooled the resources of Hesketh and Williams. The team should compete in future under the name Walter Wolf Racing . As such, it was reported regularly from the 1976 Spanish Grand Prix .
The assignment of the Formula 1 season 1976 is not uncontroversial in motor racing literature. Some authors statistically expect the year to the team Frank Williams Racing Cars, which corresponds to a relocation of the debut of Walter Wolf Racing on the year 1977 . Mostly, however assumed that Frank Williams Racing Cars played his last race at the US Grand Prix in 1975, so that all races of 1976 incorporated already in the statistics of Walter Wolf Racing. However, the entry lists lead the team from 1976 as Walter Wolf Racing.
Even after the takeover by Walter Wolf repeatedly appeared old Williams vehicles in Formula 1 races. The 1973 produced Williams FW03 took over the Ticino Loris Kessel , who had it rebuilt in Italy by Giacomo Caliri and reported under the name Apollon-Williams FW03 for the Grand Prix of Italy in 1977 . He could not qualify with the four-year-old car. The FW04 appeared in spring 1976 at the Spanish Grand Prix for the customer team Mapfre-Williams . Then it was sold to Brian McGuire who significantly rebuilt it and as McGuire BM01 to the Grand Prix of Great Britainreported. McGuire could not qualify. A short time later he suffered a fatal training accident at Brands Hatch .
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Park Royal Vehicles (PRV)
Commercial vehicles manufacturer England UK from 1930 to 1980

The Park Royal Vehicles , also as PRV was a manufacturer of bodies for buses and rail vehicles from Park Royal , England. The company existed from 1930 to 1980, but its roots can be traced back to 1889.
History
Together with Charles H. Roe , Park Royal Vehicles was one of the oldest and most important coachbuilders in the United Kingdom . The company was founded as the Hall Lewis Company in 1889 and engaged in the manufacture of bodies for carriages , road vehicles and rail vehicles. Park Royal Coachworks emerged from the company's bankruptcy estate in 1930 . The company was owned by Harry Yager, a major creditor of the Hall Lewis Company , until 1946 .
During the Second World War , PRV produced the engine fairings and outer wings of the Handley Page Halifax bomber . In addition, they were busy with the production of bodies for various military vehicles.
In 1946 the name was changed to Park Royal Vehicles.
In 1949 Park Royal Vehicles became part of Associated Commercial Vehicles Ltd (ACV), which also included Associated Equipment Company (AEC). AEC manufactured chassis for buses and trucks .
They then in the 1950s entered the integral-construction field with the single-deck 'Monocoach', using engine and 'Reliance' passenger model. A year later the second prototype for London Transport's famous 'Routemaster' chassisless double-decker was also built, and in 1959 full-scale 'Routemaster' production got underway. This was a half-cab rear-entrance model using AEC mechanical units, coil spring suspension with air suspension at the rear on some later models, and an AEC or Leyland diesel engine.
When production came to an end in 1967 both 8.38 m and 9.14m versions had been built, some with front entrances. A prototype front-entrance rear-engined model, again using an AEC engine and running gear, was built in 1966 and became the model for a new London bus of the 1980s the XRM. Development of this was later shelved. Other double-deckers from the Park Royal stable have included the 'Renown' and its successor the
'Bridgemaster', both traditional half-cab models combining chassisless construction and low height bodywork.
In 1962 ACV merged with its subsidiaries and Leyland, six years later Leyland Motors was renamed Leyland Motor Corporation and now comprised most of the British automotive industry and a considerable part of the supplier companies. Leyland was nationalized by the Labor government in 1975. As a result of the British automotive crisis, Leyland was forced to close down subsidiaries from the end of the 1970s. AEC was closed in 1979, PRV in July of the following year.
The amalgamation of coachbuilders and chassis manufacturers under the umbrella of the ACV proved to be advantageous, as the requirements of large bus transport companies such as London Transport could be met more easily through coordinated designs.
The AEC Routemaster produced by AEC and PRV was a step towards the self-supporting bus. Up until the 1980s it was also common for chassis and superstructures for buses to be manufactured by different manufacturers. Since the chassis (front and rear subframes) of the Routemaster manufactured by AEC were provided exclusively with bodies from PRV, the structures of the frame and body could be optimized, which in addition to the use of Aluminum led to a lighter vehicle.
A total of 2873 Routemasters were produced from 1954 to 1968 in various versions, the vast majority for London.
From November 1954 to January 1955 PRV built the superstructures for 150 Green Goddess military fire engines .
In 1958 PRV manufactured the bodies for five British Rail class 79970-74 rail buses . British Rail's Class 103 production had already started last year. A total of 40 of these two-part diesel multiple units were produced.
In addition to bodies for buses, Park Royal Vehicles also manufactured bodies for other vehicles. For example, the first London taxi with a diesel engine was bodied by PRV. PRV was also involved in the production of the Bristol models 407 to 411 ; the company supplied the body shells for the luxury class vehicles from Filton until 1976.
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Weller Brothers
Former Automobile Manufacturer United Kingdom from 1901 to 1905

Weller Brothers from 1902 under the company Weller Brothers Limited , was at the beginning of the 20th century one of the first British car - and motorcycle manufacturing company, The company was based in West Norwood , now a southern district of London .
The sale of their own vehicles from March 1901 and ended in 1905. The two key shareholders were the engineer John Weller and businessman John Portwine. In 1904, they continued their joint work in a new company under the name Autocars and Accessories Limited ( A. and A. ) with the construction of small tricycle - Transporter car carriers. This resulted in 1907, the well-known, still existing car brand AC.
History
John Weller was the third oldest of seven brothers or nine siblings. At a young age, he proved himself to be an innovative, creative engineer, inventor and inventor, but initially had to earn his living doing odd jobs as a traveling mechanic. In 1899, at the age of 21, he joined his brother Harry and founded the company Weller Brothers, Engineers as a small automobile and motorcycle repair shop in West Norwood. Shortly thereafter, two other brothers took the work in the workshop and entered as a partner.
The four Weller brothers initially worked primarily as engine technicians and repairers for the first, still relatively wear-prone and maintenance-intensive cars and motorcycles. Import vehicles of the French manufacturer De Dion-Bouton and those of other French or English brands with built-in motors of this manufacturer formed in the early stages of the main focus of the Weller Brothers . Such vehicles with De-Dion Bouton engines were particularly widespread at the time. With a production of about 400 vehicles and about 3200 engines was De Dion-Boutonin 1900 the largest vehicle manufacturer worldwide. The Weller brothers quickly became a factory-recognized De Dion-Bouton specialist workshop; In 1902, the Automobile Club, later renamed the British Royal Automobile Club (RAC).
In parallel, began Weller Brothers 1901 cars of his own design to build , at first probably with unchanged or only slightly modified built-in motors of De Dion-Bouton and other manufacturers. March 8, 1901.In April 1901, the first preparations for a sophisticated, advanced luxury- class vehicle , the Weller Four Seat Tourer , began an open four-seat touring car with numerous innovations. John Weller and his brothers received support, especially of a financial nature, from the successful businessman John Portwine. In London and the surrounding area, he ran a butcher's shop with several brothers and at least eight branches at that time and was fascinated by the rapidly developing automotive industry.
From 1902, the company produced Weller Brothers addition own motorcycles under the brand name Weller with self-designed and self-built 1.75 hp and 2.25 hp motors (about 150 cc and 200 cc capacity ) and bicycle-like frame. In the same year, Portwine provided additional working capital to the Weller brothers, as the costs associated with the expansion of Weller's operations could no longer be met from current revenues and reserves. The former partnership was converted into a limited company, ie an unlisted, limited liability corporation under British lawLaw; In addition to the four Weller brothers, Portwine became a partner and managing director. A little later Portwine took over all shares for the price of £ 1700, paid out the Weller brothers according to their previous shares and again provided further working capital to expand the joint company activities.
In addition to ongoing business operations, John Weller continued to work on the Four Seat Tourer with self-designed and self-built four-stroke in - line engines with either two or four cylinders . In early 1903, the company hired the technician and automotive pioneer Felix W. Hudlass as an additional mechanic. They had from 1896 to 1902 under the name Phoenix Motor Works there own cars, some already with two-cylinder engine, manufactured in Southport in Lancashire .
Due to the good fair reviews, the company completed a tourer in the 20-hp four-cylinder version ; this was presented to the press in June 1903 and rated extremely positively. The search Weller and Port Wines for additional sponsors for series production ran ultimately without success. So was Charles Rolls indeed quite impressed, however, has preferred to be in May 1904, the conservative automobile pioneer Henry Royce unite to the car brand Rolls-Royce. The Four Seat Tourer Although proved technically well thought out, but would have become very expensive in a mass production. The financier John Portwine was farsighted enough, not in spite of his enthusiasm for the project and the already invested funds of its assets for an economically questionable series production of the Weller Four Seat Tourer to risk. The large 20-hp touring car therefore remained unique.
The construction of the elaborate, prestigious automobile and the attempts to market it were made by Weller Brothers Ltd. heavily burdened financially and in terms of time; Portwine therefore decided to voluntarily liquidate this company in 1904. The operation took over also based in West Norwood company Douglas S. Cox & Co. , which had previously briefly produced from 1903 to 1904 own automobiles and also light motorcycles under the brand name Emerald . Last motorcycles with the brand name Weller emerged 1905.
The "Weller Four Seat Tourer" car
The Weller Four Seat Tourer (also Weller 10hp Touring Car or Weller 20hp Touring Car or simply Weller Car , was an open four-seat touring car of the upper class, the beginning of 1903 in the form of two not yet ready to drive prototypes the British International Motor Show was presented. The vehicle had a self-designed and self-built four-stroke inline engine with either two or four cylinders and a displacement of about 2.0 or 4.0 liters. He aimed at the market, which served the little later created brand Rolls-Royce starting from 1904.With no additional investor to be found for mass production, Weller and Portwine abandoned the plans for mass production of the Four Seat Tourer ; it stayed with the one completed four-cylinder Tourer
After mass production of the Weller Four Seat Tourer proved to be too expensive, Portwine persuaded John Weller to design a smaller, more technically simpler, cheaper-to-manufacture vehicle for commercial use, for which he saw better marketing opportunities. So originated in 1904 for the Portwine and Weller owned company Autocars & Accessories Limited ( A & A ) with initial headquarters in the London district of Long Acre the tricycle car carrier . This developed in the aftermath of a major sales success and paved the way for the car brand AC Cars .
In parallel, John Weller tried in the first few years, a second pillar as a co-partner and engineer in the Hitchon Gear & Automobile Company Ltd. based in Accrington , Lancashire. This produced from 1904 to 1907 under the brand name Globe two car models, which were also known as Hitchon-Weller : on the one hand a vehicle designed by Alfred Hitchon 9-hp single-cylinder engine, on the other a model with a four-cylinder engine from White & Poppe . Both models had a Hitchon - freewheel and a per worm shaft driven rear axle.The latter design feature took over John Weller for later AC models, where it was used until the late 1920s. Both Globe -models but emerged only about twelve vehicles , then that Weller decided to focus exclusively on the common car carrier to concentrate project with Portwine.
Both worked until the resale of their respective company shares in 1922 in their joint venture, which in 1907 to Autocarriers Ltd. renamed, moved to Thames Ditton in Surrey in 1911 and later to the glorious sports car manufacturer AC Cars Ltd. has been. Under her leadership, in addition to the 1904 presented loader tricycle car carrier from 1907 based on the two or three-seater AC Sociable , from 1913 the light, four-wheeled AC 10hp with Fivet four-cylinder engine (also known as AC Fivet ) and from 1919 the AC 12hp with Four cylinder engine of theBritish Anzani Motor Company . Weller also developed during the First World War, the groundbreaking 2.0 -liter straight-six with light metal block and overhead camshaft , which contributed significantly to the rise ACs to the manufacturer of exclusive sports utility cars in the following years and was built with constant development until 1963.
Harry Weller and his two other brothers involved in the company Weller Brothers did not appear after 1904 appreciably in appearance. On the other hand, the youngest brother John Weller, Septimus Beresford Weller , seventh of the nine siblings and also engineer, inventor and owner of several patents, later came into contact with the founded by John Weller and John Portwine brand AC.
During the During the Second World War , the otherwise self-employed SB Weller was entrusted with armament contracts as an engineer in AC's Ferry Works hangars , especially in the manufacture of suspension components for British bomber aircraft.
The employee Felix W. Hudlass moved after the dissolution of the company in 1904 as chief engineer to the London-based Royal Automobile Club (RAC). He continued in this function over forty years until his retirement in October 1947. For his service during World War II, he was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE, fourth stage of the British Equestrian Order of Order of the British Empire ). Another former Weller -Staff called Bower also joined the RAC before assuming management positions at various companies or temporarily working as a freelance engine engineer.
The elaborate, sporty touring car ultimately remained an individual item, as additional sponsors lacked mass production.The name Weller 10hp Touring Car or Weller 20hp Touring Car refers to "10hp" or "20hp" on the engine .
The Weller Four Seat Tourer oriented conceptually and in terms of style on contemporary, but smaller De Dion Bouton models, such as the 1902 published single cylinder 8CV Type K and the 1903 published 1.7-liter twin-cylinder 12CV Type S (followed by a four-cylinder at De Dion-Bouton only in 1904 with the 2.5-liter model 15CV Type AD and the even stronger 24CV Type AI). The construction of the vehicle was slow, as Weller had to design most of the individual parts and make them individually in his workshop. Furthermore, Weller could only use the time that remained in addition to the regular, priority workshop orders of customers. Also, the funds had to be secured for the construction of the touring car, so from the ongoing operation of the workshop and financial advances of his partner Portwine, the full-time operation of its own butcher chain with branches in London and the surrounding area.The Weller Brothers Ltd. presented the vehicle at the British Motor Show in January and February 1903, which was held at the Crystal Palace in the Sydenham district of south London just a few miles from the Weller workshop in West Norwood. The not yet ready to drive vehicle was exhibited with the self-designed and self-built 20hp four-cylinder engine and the smaller 10hp twin-cylinder engine. The two owners and managing directors Weller and Portwine wanted to fathom the interest of the press and the public for a possible series production and, if necessary, find additional sponsors and distribution partners.In doing so, Weller intensified his search for additional donors for the series production of the touring car in 1903. He had almost prevented the emergence of the legendary car brand Rolls-Royce : 1903/1904 he met, inter alia, together with Charles Rolls , in order to secure its financial support and sales contacts. Rolls was impressed by Wellers innovative, sporty Four Seat Tourer , but also had concerns about the maturity of individual detailed solutions; Rolls therefore met with the designer of another luxury-class vehicle: On May 4, 1904 came to the - from today's perspective historic - meeting between Rolls and the more conservative automobile pioneer Henry Royceat the Midland Hotel in Manchester followed by a test drive in the new Royce 10 ; Rolls and Royce then sealed by handshake, then on December 23, 1904 with a written contract their further cooperation. The further search Wellers and Portwines for additional donors for a mass production was unsuccessful. Although the Four Seat Tourer proved technically well thought out, but too expensive for mass production. Portwine therefore convinced Weller to design a smaller, more technically simpler, and thus less expensive, vehicle for commercial use, for which he saw better marketing opportunities. With a ladder frame and rigid axles and leaf springs front and rear, the Weller Four Seat Tourer corresponded to the then usual model. For that time, the wheelbase was unusually long; The chassis was also strikingly low, resulting in a comparatively low center of gravity.Special feature was a subframe, which received the engine including exhaust and radiator and the transmission (with final drive by chain). Weller's goal was to decouple the chassis (with its torsional forces generated during the drive) and the powertrain (with its time-typical still strong engine vibrations): By deriving the twisting forces in the subframe, the drivetrain should be relieved and material fatigue prevented; conversely, the subframe should pick up some of the engine vibration to relieve the chassis, undercarriage and body and increase passenger comfort. With his idea, Weller anticipated the basic principles of the lattice frame and the space frame , as they later became established in the automotive industry. In fact, only the higher manufacturing cost and weight spoke against his solution at that time, which was insignificant in practice, given the generally high manufacturing overhead and powerful motorization. The principle of the lattice frame was found on later Weller constructions again, so from 1904 on the small-duty three-wheeled car carrier and from 1907 on the derived two or three-seater cycle car AC Sociable .According to a source, the chassis should have already been made of light metal. The steering of the Four Seat Tourer was on a - still relatively steep - steering wheel , while Weller at the later car carrier and AC Sociable returned to a simple lever mechanism. Weller devoted particular attention to the steering mechanics of the Four Seat Tourer and its geometry: it used the axle steering , as it had been independently developed in 1816 by Georg Lankensperger , 1875 by Amédée Bollée and 1891 by Carl Benz , but could change the mechanical load on the steering pins continue to reduce when cornering. For the large touring car Weller used balloon tires on conventional wooden spoked wheels (so-called "Artillery Wheels") with 12 spokes at the front and - because of the higher weight load on the rear axle - 14 spokes at the rear.
Engine and transmission
The drive of the Weller Four Seat Tourer basically followed the model then usual for luxury-class vehicles. The engine was an advanced water-cooled four - stroke gasoline engine with either two or four cylinders in a row, installed as a front engine behind the front axle with drive to the rear wheels. The engine had time typical a lower camshaft with side inlet and outlet valves ( SV valve control ); The valves were mechanical, ie in the form of a positive controlactuated. Due to the SV valve control resulted - despite relatively large displacement - a comparatively low overall height of the engine with a very simple design of the cylinder heads.The peculiarity of the 10hp two-cylinder and the 20hp four-cylinder was their modular design with individual cylinders ; Weller followed this early on a common part strategy : As many engine parts as many parts as connecting rods, pistons, cylinders, cylinder heads, valves, etc. were identical, only the crankshaft housing and crankshaft and camshaft differed in both versions by their different length. A three-cylinder version, as it was then popular with customers of competing models was planned as a 15hp model, as a small version with 8hp; a six-cylinderVersion with 30hp could have been postponed if necessary. In contrast, the following year , Henry Royce and Rolls-Royce used paired cast cylinders for the 10 hp , 20 hp and 30 hp models ; for the 1905 published three-cylinder model 15 hp Henry Royce therefore had to design and produce new cylinders specifically, which is why this despite good market opportunities in the same year was withdrawn from the offer.Exact engine data are not recorded for the Weller engines. The performance data and the presumed underlying abstract performance formula, however, allow for a conclusion about a bore of about 4 inches = 101.6 millimeters, as used by Rolls-Royce in his 1904 and 1905 introduced engines. According to the long-stroke design customary in England at that time, the cylinder stroke should have been around 4½ to 5 inches (114.3 to 127 millimeters); The 10hp two-cylinder would have had - similar to the shortly thereafter published Rolls-Royce 10 hp - a displacement of about two liters, the 20hp four-cylinder of about four liters. Analogous to the little later Rolls-RoyceModels, the performance of the two-cylinder model should have been around 8 kW / 11 hp , the four-cylinder model at about 15 kW / 20 hp (the abstractly determined power values and the actual power in hp were then still close together).Another innovation Wellers concerned an elastic coupling between the clutch and manual transmission , this also carried by the goal of keeping vibrations of the engine from the rest of the vehicle. The final drive was by chain; On the one hand, these were considered to be more robust at the time - at least for powerful vehicles - compared to a cardan shaft . On the other hand, this also corresponded to the Wellers concept of effectively decoupling the powertrain and chassis and thus preventing the reciprocal transmission of forces and vibrations.
Body and equipment
The body of the Weller Four Seat Tourer was basically the classic image of a four-seater touring car, but was relatively low and elongated, thanks to their low chassis for their time, making them look elegant and sporty. As with the motorcycle special weather protection was considered unnecessary, which is why the vehicle had neither side doors nor a windshield nor a hood. Since the roads were often unpaved at the beginning of the 20th century, served wide fixed front and elongated rear fenders (with treads for easier access to the front seats) as protection, as well as a vertical, rounded at the sides bulkhead between the engine compartment and passenger compartment.According to a source to the chassis and the body panels have been made of light metal. The design leaned more on contemporary French vehicles from De Dion-Bouton , Peugeot and Renault than on English models. Striking was a rather petite-looking, slanted, sporty-looking front without grille (the radiator was located deep in front of the front axle between the foothills of the leaf springs) and a narrow flat, slightly rising hood with numerous slanted ventilation slots on the side panel. Additional decorative elements, probably time-typical brass fittings, made the hood look even flatter and longer. The vehicle front showed great similarities to contemporary De Dion-Bouton - andPeugeot models and so far almost identical versions of today hardly known brands such as Achilles , Aster , Clement , Clement-Bayard , Darracq , Minerva , etc., was possibly taken over unchanged from there, as the Weller Brothers Ltd. primarily cared for the maintenance and repair of such vehicles.The Weller Four Seat Tourer had four elaborately upholstered seats in the form of semi-circular shaped bucket seats; The entry to the two rear seats was not from the side as is usual today, but a narrow approach in the rear of the vehicle, as used by De Dion-Bouton in individual Phaeton models from 1902. Also typical were two carbide lamps with brass casings on the right and left sides of the dashboard and a large horn mounted next to the steering wheel.
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- Parent Category: Motor car History
- Category: Britain
Griffon Motors
Automotive Manufacturer of Nottinghamshire;United Kingdom from 1985 to 1989

Griffon Motors was a British manufacturer of kit car automobiles in the 1980s . The brand name was Griffon .
History
Barrie Comery that for previously Spartan Cars worked, and John Todkill founded in 1985, the company in Underwood in the county of Nottinghamshire . They started with the production of automobiles and kits . In total, about 120 copies were made. 1989 ended production.
The only model was the 110 Delux . It was a roadster in the style of the 1930s.
A strict two-sealer sports, traditionally styled Clean lines, low frontal area and light weightgive improved mileage per gallon with improved performance.
For practicality the car has a large luggage area with towing capabilities.wide choice of engines. For this reason the Vauxhall IIc. Viva series of cars
was chosen and these include the Firenza and Magnum. Partially assembled the package purchased from Griffon Motors
consists of high quality pre-coloured body panels mounted to a new chassis, weather equipment with a folding hood frame
A ladder frame chassis formed the base. An open fiberglass body was mounted on top. also from Ford . A four-seat version was at least planned.
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- Parent Category: Motor car History
- Category: Britain
Kamala Cars England
Automotive Manufacturer of Wymondham , Norfolk; United Kingdom from 2001 to 2008

Kamala Cars England was a British manufacturer of sports car automobiles .The brand name was Kamala .
History
Tony and Mark Keen founded the company in 2001 in Wymondham, Norfolk . They started with the production of automobiles and kits . In 2008 the production ended. In total, about 16 copies were made.
The vehicle the K360R were a two seat sports car based on the model Kamala by Dax Cars avaliable from £19,995 in both left and right hand drive. In addition to the coupe , they designed an open variant as a roadster with a 2395 wheelbase avaliable in 4 colours . Fitted with wisbone suspension. A 2l Duratec engine from Ford was mounted mid-mounted behind the seats and powered the rear axle with 170 to 360 bhp options Turbo or supercharged . This model found about 15 buyers between 2001 and 2008.The Futuro had another front with fixed fenders. Although this model was offered from 2004 to 2008, only about one copy was made.