BMW tyre pressures chart This chart should be used as a guideline only. Model Year-(MY) Torque (NM) Tyre Size Pressure Front (PSI) Pressure Rear (PSI) 1 Series (E81/82/87/88) 04 – 13 120 185/60R16 31 ...
Car Bundorf analysis explained A Bundorf analysis is a way of describing the characteristics of a vehicle that govern its understeer balance. The understeer is measured in units of degrees of additio ...
Car Grumble Whirring Sound Repair Some road noise is normal but excessive road noise like a grumble or a whirring noise from the front or rear of the car can be a sign of a failing wheel bearing or t ...
Vehicle Circle of forces explained The circle of forces, traction circle, friction circle, or friction ellipse is a useful way to think about the dynamic interaction between a vehicle's tire and the ...
Car Contact patch Tyre explained Contact patch is the portion of a vehicle's tire that is in actual contact with the road surface. It is most commonly used in the discussion of pneumatic tires, (i.e. ...
Car Cornering (Lateral) force explained Tire tread element displacement and the resulting cornering force Cornering force or side force is the lateral (i.e. parallel to the road surface) force produc ...
Car Drift tuning Setup Explained Drive train A proper mechanical limited slip differential (LSD) is almost considered essential for drifting. Attempting to drift with an open or viscous differential ...
Lateral force variation explained Tires provide for steering, traction, braking, and load support by transmitting forces between the vehicle and the road. Lateral force variation (LFV) is a property ...
Porsche Wheel and Tyre Sizes Guide car type front/front&rear rear only size offset tyre size offset tyre 968 17x7.5 50 225/45R17 17x9 47 245/40R17 18x8.5 40 225/40R18 18x10.5 60 255/35R18 911 Carrera ...
Radial tyre (tire) Explained A radial tire (more properly, a radial-ply tire) is a particular design of vehicular tire (in British English, tyre). In this design, the cord plies are arranged at 90 de ...
Run-flat tyres A run-flat tire is a pneumatic vehicle tire that is designed to resist the effects of deflation when punctured, and to enable the vehicle to continue to be driven at reduced speeds (up ...
Car Tyre Schrader valve Explained The Schrader valve (also called American valve)is a brand of pneumatic tyre valve used on virtually every motor vehicle in the world today. The Schrader company, for ...
Car Self aligning torque explained Self aligning torque, also known as aligning torque, SAT, or Mz, is the torque that a tire creates as it rolls along, which tends to steer it, i.e. rotate it around ...
Car Skid resistance Road slipperiness explained Road slipperiness or skid resistance is the technical term for the cumulative effects of snow, ice, water, loose material and the road surface on the t ...
Snow chains Snow chains, or tire chains, are devices fitted to the tires of vehicles to provide maximum traction when driving through snow and ice. Snow chains are attached to the drive wheels of a v ...